Indian Diplomacy in 2023: Global Engagements, Triumphs, and Challenges

• The G20 Delhi Declaration is a watershed moment in global diplomacy, showcasing India’s leadership in bridging divides and facilitating unity among nations.
• India actively pursued the expansion of ties with Africa in 2023, exemplifying India’s proactive role in international diplomacy on behalf of Africa and the Global South.
• Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s diplomatic engagements in 2023 reflected a comprehensive and nuanced approach, strengthening India’s ties with nations across the globe and positioning the country as a key player on the international stage.
• The prolonged stalemate with China underscores the intricacies of India-China relations and the need for a comprehensive, patient, and strategic approach to navigate this challenging geopolitical landscape.

Revisiting India’s G20 Presidency

The G20 summit concluded successfully in Delhi on September 10, bringing together global leaders for bilateral meetings and resulting in a comprehensive framework for collaboration among G20 member nations, the European Union, and the recently incorporated African Union.

India faced challenges at the start of its G20 Presidency last December amid global economic turbulence exacerbated by the lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Ukraine conflict. Crafting a unified joint statement became challenging, given ongoing bilateral tensions with China and the deviation from the traditional November summit schedule.

Despite these challenges, the G20 Sherpa team, led by Amitabh Kant, achieved a significant milestone. The focal point of contention, the Ukraine-Russia conflict, was comprehensively addressed in the declaration, reflecting a level of detail unprecedented in G20 history. This consensus highlighted India’s role as a bridge between emerging economies, developed nations, Russia, and China.

The G20 Delhi Declaration, spanning 37 pages and divided into 10 thematic chapters, addressed critical global issues. Notably, it emphasized the necessity for a comprehensive, equitable, and lasting peace in Ukraine, condemning the use of force for territorial gains.

The chapters covered various topics, including economic growth, combating corruption, progress on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), green development, multilateral institution reforms, technological transformation, gender equality, counterterrorism, and creating a more inclusive world. The declaration showcased India’s commitment to fostering global collaboration and addressing key challenges.

The chapter on SDGs emphasized eradicating hunger, fostering health partnerships, ensuring quality education, and addressing the economic impact of future pandemics. The chapter on the “Green Development Pact for a Sustainable Future” underscored the need for clean, sustainable, and equitable energy transformations.

Reforms to international financial bodies and the historic accord to initiate reforms to the United Nations Security Council were discussed in the chapter on revamping multilateral institutions. The chapter on technological transformation highlighted the responsible deployment of Artificial Intelligence and the establishment of a Global Digital Public Infrastructure Repository.

The declaration also emphasized gender equality, counterterrorism efforts, and creating a more inclusive world. India’s leadership during its G20 Presidency laid the groundwork for the African Union to attain permanent membership, enhancing inclusivity within the G20.

The G20 Delhi Declaration is a watershed moment in global diplomacy, showcasing India’s leadership in bridging divides and facilitating unity among nations. It reflects India’s commitment to inclusivity, peace, and gender equality, advocating reforms in international financial institutions and responsible technological transformation. As the leadership mantle passes to future presidencies, India’s legacy stands as an example of diplomacy’s potential to shape a more equitable and sustainable global order.

India’s Africa Focus

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi has actively pursued the expansion of trade and investment ties with Africa in 2023, exemplifying India’s proactive role in international diplomacy on behalf of Africa and the Global South. The announcement at the Group of 20 summit that the African Union would become a permanent member of the group is a testament to India’s commitment to amplifying the voice of the Global South.

This diplomatic engagement aligns with India’s long-standing trade ties with Africa, dating back centuries. Today, India is a crucial player in recognizing Africa’s strategic importance globally. As the race for minerals intensifies for the transition to green energy, Africa’s significance is increasingly acknowledged by major global players, including the U.S., Europe, China, and India.

India’s exports to Africa include food and beverages, petroleum products, pharmaceuticals, machinery, and vehicles. Notably, India has become a major supplier of passenger vehicles to South Africa, a model likely to expand to other African nations. Over the past decade, India has also emerged as one of the top five investors in Africa, directing around $74 billion to the continent, particularly attracted by its rich resources like crude oil, grain, and nuts.

Agriculture, accounting for 57% of employment in Africa, presents significant opportunities for collaboration. India, with its expertise in agrotechnology, has the potential to contribute to the modernization of agricultural infrastructure in Africa, enhancing supply chain efficiency and productivity. Investments in agrotechnology can further support global food security and drive sustainable agricultural practices in the continent.

Additionally, India’s focus on renewable energy aligns with Africa’s clean energy transition. As the third-largest renewable energy producer globally, India can play a pivotal role in supporting Africa’s renewable transition by funding projects in solar, wind, and hydroelectric energy. This not only fosters collaboration but also contributes to global net-zero goals.

In the face of contemporary challenges such as energy supply, climate crisis, food security, and population ageing, the solution lies in Africa and Asia. The strategic channelling of investments between India and Africa can foster collaboration, innovation, and shared growth. As the world order continues to shift, turning to the Global South becomes imperative for investors and businesses aiming to stay ahead and support international growth.

India and Africa have laid the foundation for a robust and enduring trading relationship, signalling the need to strategically channel investments to promote collaboration and shared growth between the two regions.

PM Modi’s Visits Abroad – Purpose and Outcomes

Throughout the year 2023, Prime Minister Narendra Modi demonstrated a robust and strategic approach to Indian diplomacy through visits to 11 countries, underscoring the nation’s commitment to fostering global partnerships and cooperation.

In May, PM Modi commenced his international engagements with a significant presence at the Group of Seven (G7) Summit in Hiroshima, Japan. This marked India’s consecutive participation in this prestigious event. Subsequently, he made history by becoming the first Indian Prime Minister to visit Papua New Guinea, co-chairing the 3rd Summit of the Forum for India-Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC III Summit).

The month of June saw PM Modi embarking on a state visit to the United States, at the invitation of President Joe Biden. The visit included key events such as leading the International Day of Yoga celebrations at the United Nations headquarters and engaging in high-level dialogues, including a state dinner hosted by President Biden. Notably, PM Modi addressed a joint sitting of the US Congress, reinforcing India’s presence on the global stage.

Continuing his diplomatic endeavours, PM Modi visited Egypt in June, reinforcing ties with President Abdel-Fattah El-Sisi and engaging with the Egyptian community. This multi-faceted approach demonstrated India’s commitment to fostering relationships beyond formal diplomatic channels.

July witnessed PM Modi’s visit to France, where he served as the chief guest at the Bastille Day military parade—a distinction last bestowed upon a foreign leader in 2017. Discussions with President Emmanuel Macron, state banquets, and interactions with the Indian diaspora and business leaders were integral to the visit. Subsequently, he travelled to Abu Dhabi, UAE, addressing global cooperation issues in the context of the UAE’s COP28 presidency and India’s G20 presidency.

In August, PM Modi participated in the BRICS Summit in South Africa, advocating for BRICS expansion and consensus-building. This was followed by a historic visit to Greece, marking the first by an Indian Premier in 40 years, with a focus on elevating the relationship to a comprehensive strategic partnership. September saw PM Modi attending the 18th East Asia Summit and the 20th ASEAN-Indian Summit in Indonesia, emphasizing India’s commitment to increased connectivity in the physical, digital, and economic domains. Wrapping up the year, PM Modi attended the World Climate Action Summit in Dubai in November, aligning India’s efforts with global initiatives on climate change during COP28.

In essence, Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s diplomatic engagements in 2023 reflected a comprehensive and nuanced approach, strengthening India’s ties with nations across the globe and positioning the country as a key player on the international stage.

India’s aid to Turkiye

In response to the devastating earthquake in Turkey and Syria, India launched ‘Operation Dost’ as a humanitarian aid initiative. This operation involved the dispatch of three National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) teams, a field hospital, materials, medicines, and equipment to assist in search and rescue efforts. The teams were airlifted by an Indian Air Force C-17 heavy lift aircraft to Turkey, where they deployed specialized equipment, including canines, to detect, locate, and rescue people trapped under collapsed structures.

In addition to the NDRF teams, India sent relief materials, and External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar provided updates on the relief work, highlighting the functioning of the army field hospital in Iskenderun, Hatay, Turkiye. The hospital operated with medical, surgical, and emergency wards, along with essential facilities like X-ray labs and ventilators.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi expressed India’s firm support, stating that teams involved in ‘Operation Dost’ would continue working tirelessly to save lives and protect property. The effort showcased India’s commitment to extending assistance during times of crisis, reflecting the nation’s solidarity with Turkey and Syria in the face of a natural calamity.

India’s Call for UN Reforms

In the crucible of global dynamics, the UN Security Council (UNSC) finds itself at a crossroads. External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar’s recent address underscores the need for a recalibration of the UNSC in response to evolving challenges. This analytical piece delves into the intricacies of India’s pursuit of a permanent UNSC seat and the broader imperative for substantive reforms.

India’s Bid for Prominence

India’s aspiration for a permanent UNSC seat is not a mere diplomatic ambition but a logical progression rooted in its foundational role as a UN member. Beyond rhetoric, India’s substantial contribution of over 8,500 peacekeepers and its active engagement in G-77, G-4, and seven terms in the UNSC fortify its claim.

Essential Reforms

1. Beyond Regional Disparities:
   • The current P-5 configuration starkly neglects representation from Latin America, the Caribbean, Arabs, and Africa.
   • Advocates for reform argue not merely against the European bias but the pressing need to reshape the UNSC into a more inclusive body.
2. Geopolitical Realignment:
   • Over the 72 years since its inception, the UNSC structure has weathered minimal changes, despite radical shifts in geopolitical landscapes.
   • This stagnation implores a revisit, aligning the Council’s structure with the contemporary distribution of global power.
3. Interrogating the Veto:
   • A crucial cog in UNSC dynamics, the veto power has been wielded with alarming frequency for unilateral objectives.
   • The urgent call is to reconsider the veto system, questioning its efficacy in a world that demands collaborative decision-making.
4. G-4 and Collective Advocacy:
   • The G-4 coalition, comprising India, Brazil, Germany, and Japan, has coalesced around the idea of a more representative UNSC.
   • Their proposal of expanding permanent seats to 10 signifies a concerted effort to inject fairness into the Council’s composition.
5. Transparent Mechanisms:
   • Transparency, a cornerstone of democratic governance, is regrettably absent in UNSC operations.
   • An introspective examination of working methods is essential to bolster the democratic principles underpinning the UN.

Despite resolute support from 113 out of 122 member states, the journey towards reform faces roadblocks. Opposition from countries like China, Italy, Spain, Argentina, and Mexico, and a conspicuous lack of consensus among African nations underscore the intricate diplomatic chessboard.

A Vision for India

India’s quest for a permanent UNSC seat extends beyond national pride. It is a strategic manoeuvre to actively shape global decision-making. The benefits are manifold – from projecting national interests robustly to assuming a direct role in shaping global peace and security narratives.

As we stand on the precipice of a new era, the UNSC’s relevance is tethered to its adaptability. India’s pursuit is not a solitary voyage but a beacon for recalibrating global governance. The imperative for reforms echoes beyond national interests, resonating with the need for a UNSC that is dynamic, inclusive, and reflective of the complex 21st-century geopolitical landscape.

India’s Stewardship of the Global South – Amplifying the Voice of the Underdog

India’s presidency of the G20 has been marked by a distinct diplomatic approach, focusing on championing the concerns of the Global South. Prime Minister Narendra Modi, in outlining India’s vision for the G20, expressed a commitment to being the representative voice for developing nations across Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

Concrete actions during India’s G20 presidency have translated this commitment into tangible outcomes. In response to the global health crisis, India played a pivotal role by providing Made-in-India vaccines to around 100 countries and supplying medicines globally. The virtual Voice of Global South Summit, hosted by India, underscored the nation’s dedication to addressing the pressing concerns of the developing world.

India strategically ensured the prominence of the region at the G7 Summit in Hiroshima, actively participating in discussions and shaping the agenda. Advocating for the inclusion of the African Union as a full member of the G20 further demonstrated India’s commitment to inclusivity and representation of the African continent.

Collaborating with the South Centre, India organized a two-day event on International Taxation, addressing the implications of the Two-Pillar Solution for the Global South. These diplomatic endeavours highlight India’s multifaceted approach, aiming to foster a more inclusive and representative global governance structure.

During the 15th BRICS Summit in South Africa, PM Modi emphasized that the Global South represents a shared history against colonialism and apartheid. This aligns with India’s diplomatic efforts to reshape modern relations based on historical struggles.

As India’s G20 presidency concludes, its legacy stands as a testament to proactive engagement in championing the causes of the Global South. From pandemic response to diplomatic narratives, India’s multifaceted approach underscores the imperative of fostering a more inclusive and representative global governance structure. The baton passing from India leaves a legacy firmly etched in diplomatic endeavours and tangible actions.

India’s Diaspora Outreach

Over the past nine years, several efforts have underscored the growing importance of diaspora outreach within the foreign policy framework of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) government. PM Modi’s consistent interactions with the Indian community during international visits, whether through large-scale events or more informal settings, showcase the government’s commitment to strengthening these connections.

Touching briefly on historical aspects,  the influential role of the diaspora in India’s struggle for independence. Figures like Lala Hardayal and Shyam Ji Krishna Verma are noted, with an emphasis on the somewhat overlooked contributions of the diaspora post-independence, particularly during the Nehruvian era.

PM Modi has astutely recognized the diaspora’s potential as a link between developed Western nations and India. Formerly labelled as a “brain drain,” the diaspora is now seen as a valuable resource to enhance India’s global influence. Their role as unofficial ambassadors, contributors to flagship programs like ‘Make in India’ and ‘Digital India,’ and facilitators of business ties is highlighted. PM Modi’s proactive engagement with the diaspora is presented as a strategic move to leverage their skills, resources, and global connections for India’s benefit.

In conclusion, the article suggests that as India continues its ascent on the global stage, the diaspora can play a pivotal role in securing greater influence for the country abroad. PM Modi’s intentional approach to engaging with the diaspora is viewed as a shrewd manoeuvre to harness their capabilities, ultimately contributing to India’s prominence on the world stage.

Concerns Over Khalistan

2023 saw a noticeable increase in Khalistani separatist activities in Western countries. Notably, the Indian Consulate in San Francisco was targeted, and ‘Sikhs for Justice’, a separatist organization, instigated radical elements to harm Indian diplomats. This surge is linked to the death of Hardeep Singh Nijjar, with separatists blaming Indian agencies. Incidents like a parade in Canada depicting the assassination of Indira Gandhi also contribute to escalating tensions.

While such incidents occurred sporadically in the past two decades, Khalistani activities abroad have intensified recently. Apart from attacks on state symbols, there are reports of assaults on temples, consulates, and efforts to organize referendums for a separate Khalistan in various countries.

Attacks on Hindu Temples and Consulates

Instances include clashes between pro-India and pro-Khalistan groups in Canada, defacement of Hindu temples in Australia, and slogans like ‘Khalistan Zindabad, Hindustan Murdabad’ sprayed on walls. ‘Sikhs for Justice’ conducted a ‘Referendum 2022’ in the UK, Canada, the US, and Australia, aiming for a separate Khalistan. Despite the attempt, the Indian diaspora largely opposed it.

Coordinated attacks on Indian consulates occurred, with incidents in Australia and San Francisco. Khalistani slogans were raised, and flags were displayed inside consulates. In London, the Indian High Commission was vandalized by Khalistan separatists.

Khalistani separatists have also attempted to reignite the movement in India. The farmers’ agitation in 2020 and Amritpal Singh’s emergence as a Khalistan advocate are notable instances. Intelligence reports suggest the involvement of declared terrorist organizations in the farmers’ protest. Amritpal Singh’s arrest led to protests, revealing the overseas Khalistani connection.

West’s Reluctance to Act

Western countries, particularly Canada, show reluctance to act against Khalistani separatists. The historical context of Cold War dynamics and the present focus on vote bank politics shape their response. Western nations often cite ‘freedom of expression’ and ‘peaceful protests’ as reasons for inaction, straining relations with India.

Khalistan Factor in Canadian Politics

Canada, home to a significant Sikh population, faces the Khalistan factor in politics. The coalition government’s dependence on pro-Khalistan leaders influences its stance. Prime Minister Trudeau’s cautious approach and emphasis on ‘freedom of expression’ reveal the delicate political balance.

The influence of Khalistani activities extends to the UK and the US, with the UK showing slow responses to incidents like the storming of the Indian High Commission. The historical connection between Sikhs in the US and Canada is evident in recent attacks on the Indian Consulate in San Francisco.

India consistently raises concerns with respective governments, emphasizing the adverse impact on bilateral relationships. External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar urged partner countries not to provide space to Khalistanis. Recent incidents led to strong statements, condemning violence, and demanding action against anti-India activities.

The rise in Khalistani activities abroad poses challenges for India’s diplomatic relations. The reluctance of Western countries to act against separatist elements strains ties. The Indian government’s assertive response highlights the need for international cooperation to curb such activities and maintain global security.

India-Canada diplomatic Rift

The current crisis emphasizes the delicate balance leaders such as Trudeau must maintain when addressing global issues entangled with domestic politics. The evolving situation underscores the significance of open dialogue, fact-driven diplomacy, and the necessity for leaders to navigate intricate international relations with caution.

Concerns have arisen regarding donations to the Trudeau Foundation and educational institutions from entities linked to the CCP, potentially influencing Canadian policies. Trudeau’s recent statement in the Canadian Parliament regarding the alleged links between the Indian government and the assassination of Sikh activist Hardeep Singh Nijjar has strained traditionally amicable ties between India and Canada.

However, India swiftly refuted these claims, citing Nijjar’s designation as a ‘terrorist’ under Indian law, and the crisis has led to a tit-for-tat exchange of travel advisories, trade agreement suspension, and diplomatic expulsions. Trudeau’s efforts to garner international support have faced resistance, leading to a challenging diplomatic confrontation.

The complex issue is exacerbated by the involvement of Sikh leaders, political considerations, and Trudeau’s minority government relying on the support of Jagmeet Singh, associated with the Khalistani cause. Trudeau’s government has faced criticism for perceived reluctance against Khalistani separatist elements, impacting Canada’s historical reputation as a haven for Khalistan supporters.

Moreover, concerns about potential Chinese interference in Canadian politics have surfaced, with allegations of financial support and infiltration during elections. Trudeau’s management of these allegations, including his confrontation with Xi Jinping, has faced scrutiny, contributing to a growing sense of public distrust.

As the crisis unfolds, the erosion of relations between India and Canada highlights the fragility of international diplomacy and the broader consequences of inflammatory statements. Beyond diplomatic repercussions, economic ties have been affected, with suspended trade agreements and disruptions across sectors. The need for open dialogue, fact-based diplomacy, and navigating complex international relations with prudence remains crucial as the situation continues to evolve.

India and the Crisis in the Red Sea

In the wake of escalating tensions in the Red Sea region, India’s Defence Minister, Rajnath Singh, has issued a resolute commitment to take decisive action against those responsible for recent assaults on India-linked shipping vessels. The targeted ships, MV Chem Pluto and MV Sai Baba fell victim to attacks by Yemen’s Houthi rebels, heightening uncertainty in the global economy.

Addressing the gravity of the situation, Singh declared that the Indian Navy has bolstered its surveillance efforts in response to the attacks. Speaking on Tuesday, he asserted, “Whoever has carried out this attack, we will find them even from the bottom of the seas, and strict action will be taken against them.” The attacks, occurring over the past month, have disrupted shipping along the Red Sea, a critical maritime route connecting Asian and European economies through the Suez Canal.

The Houthi rebels, entangled in Yemen’s civil conflict, initiated these assaults on shipping vessels, particularly those with links to Israel. Their retaliation is aimed at Tel Aviv for military actions in Gaza, resulting in significant casualties. The unrest since mid-November has prompted several global shipping majors to temporarily halt operations, signalling the far-reaching implications of the Red Sea crisis.

Notably, two attacks on India-linked ships, the MV Chem Pluto in the Arabian Sea and the MV Sai Baba in the Red Sea, have drawn India’s immediate attention. With Indian crew members on board both vessels, the incidents underscore India’s direct involvement in the unfolding crisis. The MV Chem Pluto, transporting crude oil from Saudi Arabia to Mangalore, was targeted in a drone attack, reportedly originating from Iran, according to the United States. Tehran, however, denies direct military involvement with the Houthi rebels, maintaining only diplomatic ties.

Rajnath Singh emphasized India’s role as a key security provider in the region and expressed a commitment to collaborate with other nations to ensure the security of maritime commerce. In response to the Houthi attacks, the United States announced “Operation Prosperity Guardian,” a multinational maritime coalition aimed at restoring stability along the Red Sea corridor. This operation involves countries such as the UK, Bahrain, Canada, France, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Seychelles, and Spain.

While India initiated formal cooperation with the multinational naval coalition in 2022, it is yet to formally join Operation Prosperity Guardian. The Ministry of External Affairs has confirmed ongoing communications regarding India’s potential involvement in the coalition. Singh’s statements underscore the urgency and seriousness with which India is approaching the Red Sea crisis.

In the face of these maritime challenges, the international community is rallying to secure one of the world’s most critical shipping routes. The situation remains dynamic, and India’s active engagement in multinational efforts demonstrates its commitment to regional and global stability in the face of evolving security threats.

Dahra Global Case’ Impact on Ties with Qatar

In a significant diplomatic victory, the Qatar Court of Appeal has overturned the death sentences of eight former Indian Navy personnel accused of spying for Israel. This development underscores the effectiveness of the Narendra Modi government’s diplomatic efforts, showcasing its commitment to safeguarding Indian citizens abroad.

The court’s decision on December 28 follows a crucial meeting between Prime Minister Modi and Qatar’s Emir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani on December 1 during the COP28 summit in Dubai. While the details of the meeting were not disclosed, it is speculated to have played a pivotal role in influencing Qatar’s stance on the case. Two days after the meeting, the Indian Ambassador to Qatar Vipul gained consular access to the imprisoned Indians.

The eight naval veterans, identified as Captain Navtej Singh Gill, Captain Birendra Kumar Verma, Captain Saurabh Vasisht, Commander Amit Nagpal, Commander Purnendu Tiwari, Commander Sugunakar Pakala, Commander Sanjeev Gupta, and Sailor Rajesh, had received death sentences from a Qatari court on October 26. The Indian government launched a comprehensive legal challenge and engaged in proactive diplomacy to secure their release.

The reduction of the sentences by the Court of Appeal is viewed as a positive outcome, possibly leading to prison terms instead. Official sources suggest that the former Indian Navy personnel might serve their sentences back home under an extradition agreement between India and Qatar. Another possibility is a humanitarian pardon by Qatar’s emir.

The naval veterans were employed by Al Dahra Global Technologies and Consultancy Services, a Qatar-based company owned by Khamis Al Ajami. The company, involved in radar navigation training for the Qatari Emiri Naval Forces, closed operations after the arrests. The charges against the Indians, related to an alleged leak of secrets about Qatar’s stealth submarine program to Israel, were not publicly disclosed.

India and Qatar share a longstanding relationship, marked by diplomatic recognition in 1973. The diplomatic ties, reaching their 50th year in 2023, have been fortified by Qatar’s significant contribution to India’s energy security, supplying nearly half of New Delhi’s liquefied natural gas imports.

While Qatar has not issued public statements on the trial, the Indian government’s successful intervention in this case demonstrates the strength of bilateral relations. The Modi government’s effective handling of this sensitive issue adds to its diplomatic credibility, particularly as it navigates the complexities of a general election year.

As India continues to advocate for the rights and well-being of its citizens abroad, the resolution of this case serves as a testament to the diplomatic prowess and perseverance of the Indian government on the global stage.

India-China Relations: A Prolonged Stalemate

India’s diplomatic ties with China continue to face an extended freeze, with the situation persisting since the deadly border clash in 2020. Despite numerous rounds of diplomatic and military talks, there has been no substantial progress in thawing the frozen relationship. The People’s Liberation Army’s deployment of troops in Ladakh in 2020 led to a fatal clash at the Galwan Valley, resulting in casualties on both sides.

The standstill in relations has endured throughout 2023, with Beijing showing no willingness to withdraw additional troops deployed since the 2020 clash. The frozen state of affairs has been a major hurdle for India-China relations, as peace and tranquillity at the border remain prerequisites for overall bilateral development.

Former Indian Ambassador to China, Ashok Kantha, highlighted the lack of significant de-escalation or troop reduction since mid-2020, spanning four consecutive winter months. Despite holding 20 rounds of Corps Commanders level talks and engaging through the Working Mechanism for Consultation & Coordination on India-China Border Affairs (WMCC), progress has been limited. Disengagement occurred at five ‘friction points,’ but deadlock persists over the Depsang and Demchok areas.

India may need to exercise “strategic patience” in dealing with China to overcome the current impasse. While advocating for intensive and strategic dialogue that goes beyond disengagement discussions, there is a need for broader engagement at the diplomatic and political levels.

The former Ambassador points out the divergence in positions between India and China, with India linking the restoration of normalcy to the resolution of border issues. China, on the other hand, presses for delinking the border matter from overall bilateral relations. The immediate prospects for resolving the border impasse and returning to normalcy in India-China relations appear challenging.

China’s focus on its strategic rivalry with the U.S., perceiving India’s alignment with the U.S.-led Indo-Pacific strategy, adds complexity to the relationship. Despite tensions, bilateral trade between India and China has flourished, with China’s trade deficit with India reaching historically high levels.

As India navigates this complex relationship, a nuanced approach involving strategic patience, realism, deterrence, and a focus on safeguarding its interests is advocated. The prolonged stalemate underscores the intricacies of India-China relations and the need for a comprehensive, patient, and strategic approach to navigate this challenging geopolitical landscape.

(The author is a post-graduate student in International Relations at Kalinga University, Raipur. Views and opinions expressed are the author’s own)