- The university attracted a multitude of Indian students, while also hosting a diverse community of international scholars termed ‘knowledge pilgrims.’
- Nalanda rose to eminence due to its strong dedication to intellectual liberty, welcoming individuals across religious beliefs and encouraging lively discussions on various subjects.
- The destruction of Nalanda University remains a poignant moment in history, symbolising the fragile coexistence of enlightenment and devastation.
- In the revival of Nalanda, emerges a message of resilience that showcases humanity’s relentless pursuit of knowledge and the enduring influence of ideas, transcending destruction.
न हि ज्ञानेन सदृशं (Na Hi Jnane Sadrisham), This translates to “There is nothing comparable to knowledge” It emphasises the unmatched value of knowledge, a core belief reflected in the illustrious history of Nalanda University. Founded during the Gupta Empire’s rule (founded in the 5th century CE by Emperor Kumaragupta), Nalanda evolved into a renowned learning centre over eight centuries. It stood out as a beacon of intellectual pursuit, drawing scholars from various parts of Asia. This article explores Nalanda’s historical eminence, tracing its ascendancy as a leading hub of scholastic endeavours and its eventual decline as well as the recent inauguration of the newly structured University that explores multifaceted areas of education and global connections.
The university attracted a multitude of Indian students, while also hosting a diverse community of international scholars termed “knowledge pilgrims.” These visitors, hailing predominantly from East and Southeast Asia, were not mere beneficiaries of knowledge but active contributors who significantly influenced Nalanda’s intellectual milieu and helped disseminate its teachings widely. Through their interactions and scholarly exchanges, these individuals played a pivotal role in shaping the intellectual ethos of Nalanda and spreading its intellectual legacy across borders. The enduring influence of Nalanda’s heritage inspires scholarly communities globally, highlighting the significant outcomes of knowledge sharing and intercultural education. The historical significance of Nalanda serves as a vital reminder of the importance of nurturing academic pursuits and fostering collaboration and respect among scholars with diverse backgrounds. Exploring the impact of Nalanda University on Asia’s historical, cultural, and intellectual domains provides valuable perspectives on the timeless relevance of knowledge in driving positive transformations and developing global comprehension.
A comprehensive examination reveals the diverse and pivotal role played by foreign tourists during their time at Nalanda University. Initially, these visitors functioned as cultural emissaries, facilitating a vibrant interchange of concepts. The distinguished Chinese explorers, Faxian and Xuanzang, meticulously documented their encounters, offering invaluable insights into the academics, curriculum, and everyday practices at Nalanda. Secondly, foreign tourists actively engaged in the intellectual fervour of the university. They delved into intricate philosophical discussions, partook in rigorous debates, and enriched the scholarly landscape with a multitude of viewpoints. For instance, Xuanzang’s proficiency in Sanskrit and profound comprehension of Mahayana Buddhism positioned him as a respected academic and a potential influencer on Nalanda’s emphasis on logic and epistemology. This intellectual cross-fertilization undeniably propelled the frontiers of knowledge at the university. These knowledge seekers played a vital role as transmitters of Nalanda’s wisdom. Upon their return to their native lands, they established monastic communities, translated Buddhist scriptures, and introduced Nalanda’s educational methodologies. Notably, the Tibetan scholar Dharmapala undertook the significant task of translating a multitude of Sanskrit texts into Tibetan, ensuring the conservation and dissemination of Nalanda’s extensive knowledge vessel. Through these efforts, Nalanda’s legacy crossed geographical boundaries, evolving into an Asian intellectual history hub. Foreign tourists at Nalanda University were not passive observers; they actively contributed to the intellectual ecosystem, facilitating cultural exchange, enriching academic discussions, and propagating knowledge across Asia. Their pivotal role underscores the international nature of Nalanda and its enduring legacy as a global hub of learning.
Nalanda rose to eminence due to its strong dedication to intellectual liberty, welcoming individuals across religious beliefs and encouraging lively discussions on various subjects such as Buddhist philosophy, medicine, logic, and astronomy. The university’s diverse environment, as noted by the famous traveller Xuanzang, who praised Nalanda as a hub of education, solidified its image as a centre of learning. Supported by various empires like the Pala dynasty (c. 750-1161 CE), Nalanda flourished. Substantial financial support led to the creation of impressive libraries that housed an extensive collection of texts on a wide range of topics. Nalanda’s carefully crafted educational program, combined with its knowledgeable faculty, cultivated numerous scholars and intellectuals who shared knowledge globally.
Nalanda’s scholarly stronghold fell in the 12th century due to Bakhtiyar Khilji‘s assault. Historical interpretations vary on his motives – some cite it as the need for religious dominance as Khilji perceived that the knowledge being imparted at Nalanda was far more superior and effective compared to Islam, while others emphasize greed for the priceless manuscripts in Nalanda’s renowned library. The outcome was catastrophic, as the extensive collection, potentially housing millions of texts, was purposefully incinerated, erasing centuries of intellectual achievement. The massacre of academics and learners added to the tragedy, silencing voices of wisdom that had resonated through time. The devastation of Nalanda extended beyond physical destruction, embodying the loss of a beacon of knowledge that had enlightened generations. The annihilation of its library represents a deep wound in humanity’s shared memory, underscoring the fragility of knowledge when confronted by violence and doctrinal intolerance. The ruins of Nalanda stand as a solemn testament to the impermanence of intellectual legacies and the enduring impact of ideological conflict on the preservation of wisdom.
The destruction of Nalanda University remains a poignant moment in history, symbolising the fragile coexistence of enlightenment and devastation. However, amidst the ruins, a resilient message emerges – the legacy of Nalanda continues to motivate the establishment of a modern version, showcasing humanity’s relentless pursuit of knowledge. This revival effort reflects the enduring influence of ideas, transcending destruction. Consequently, Nalanda’s downfall serves as a sobering reminder of the fine line between wisdom and destruction. Nevertheless, the enduring spirit of Nalanda’s heritage shines through, underscoring the timeless ability of knowledge to guide us through even the darkest of times, illuminating our path forward with hope and perseverance.
The demise of Nalanda University had profound implications for India’s educational framework. Renowned for attracting scholars from diverse backgrounds, Nalanda served as a hub for intellectual exchange and knowledge dissemination under the guidance of proficient Indian academics. However, the annihilation of Nalanda and analogous institutions during invasions like the Islamic conquests resulted in the eradication of priceless wisdom, cultural roots, and educational infrastructure. This catastrophic event precipitated a regression in indigenous educational methodologies and paved the way for the adoption of foreign pedagogical systems introduced by external entities such as the British. The transition towards English-medium and Western educational models marginalized traditional Indian wisdom, literary works, artistic expressions, and cultural traditions, thereby creating a schism between the educational curriculum and the nation’s cultural legacy. The enduring impact of colonial rule lingered on, shaping the contemporary Indian education landscape. This historical narrative emphasizes how past events continue to shape and influence the trajectory of educational development in India, showing the stark repercussions of the loss of ancient institutions like Nalanda on the country’s educational and cultural richness.
Nalanda University, a prestigious institution with a rich history, has now been revived after lying in ruins for nine centuries. Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the new campus, aiming to revive the legacy of the original Nalanda Mahavihar. The resurrection of Nalanda University seeks to restore the former glory of this historical institution, providing a contemporary platform for the dissemination of knowledge. By reconstructing the university around the ancient structure of the 1,600-year-old Nalanda Mahavihar, the new campus symbolises a return to the pursuit of wisdom and intellectual advancement. The revived Nalanda University aims to carry forward the legacy of intellectual and cultural exchange established by its predecessor, drawing students and scholars from diverse disciplines and regions to partake in the pursuit of knowledge. This reincarnation of Nalanda University signifies a renewal of the commitment to education and learning, echoing the spirit of enlightenment that once thrived within its ancient walls.
Strategically located near the historic centre of knowledge, Nalanda Mahavihara, the campus is designed to position India as a leading hub of knowledge with a strong emphasis on research-based higher education. The emphasis on establishing the university in proximity to the ancient learning centre underscores the commitment to revitalizing India’s position as a global knowledge leader. The new campus of Nalanda University offers a range of modern and sustainable facilities aimed at achieving a ‘Net Zero’ Green Campus status. These include a solar plant, water treatment plant, water recycling plant, and extensive water bodies spread across a hundred acres. The sustainable infrastructure aligns with the university’s vision of environmental stewardship and innovation. Comprising two academic blocks with 40 classrooms catering to 1900 students, the campus also features two 300-seat auditoriums, a 550-student capacity hostel, and an expansive amphitheatre accommodating up to 2000 individuals. These facilities are strategically designed to create a conducive learning environment that blends the richness of Nalanda’s historical heritage with contemporary amenities and technological advancements. The harmonious fusion of ancient wisdom with modern resources is intended to cultivate a dynamic educational ecosystem at Nalanda University, ensuring a holistic approach to learning and growth.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently inaugurated the new campus of Nalanda University, highlighting its crucial role in propelling India towards a ‘Golden Age’ and showcasing the nation’s capabilities on a global scale. The Net Zero campus aims to encourage international collaboration and cultural exchange, emphasizing sustainable progress and environmental awareness. Modi stressed the historical significance of Nalanda, seeing its revival as the dawn of a prosperous era for India and envisioning it as a hub for regional cooperation. The campus, a joint endeavour between India and East Asia Summit (EAS) countries, incorporates solar power plants, water treatment facilities, and other eco-friendly elements, marking a new era in sustainable education and regional partnerships.
The opening of the new Nalanda University campus marks a significant milestone with far-reaching implications for education. It represents progress in infrastructure, historical conservation, global partnerships, environmental awareness, and an innovative approach to learning that goes beyond boundaries and time. This transformative occasion is set to influence education by preparing students with the competencies, understanding, and principles essential for adapting to a changing global scenario.
(Alok Virendra Tiwari is a political science graduate from Mumbai University, experienced with the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes, Y20, and the World Food Forum. He is currently a Chanakya Fellow with research interests in Governance, Political Behaviour, and Foreign Policy. Vartika Gupta is a master’s student in political science at St. Xavier’s College, focused on international relations and global politics. Views expressed are authors own)
Balaji Subramanian 
Dhruv Ashok 
Aayush Pal